19세기 전반기 明 遺民의 정체성과 구별짓기 : 濟南王氏 王德一, 德九의 사례를 중심으로

Abstract

Among the people who followed Prince Pongnim from Shenyang to Chosŏn in 1645 were some Chinese Ming loyalists later known as “nine righteous literati” (kuŭisa). Through a close reading of the literary collections of Wang Tŏgil and Tŏkku, descendants of Wang Yiwen, a member of kuŭisa, this article examines their efforts for distinction in the nineteenth century by focusing on their criticisms on Chosŏn’s cultural practices. Through the efforts, they redefined themselves as true inheritors of Chinese civilization. Wang Tŏkku problematized certain elements in Chosŏn literati’s ancestor worship, which he claimed should have followed the norms set by the Ming government but instead adhered to Zhu Xi’s Family Rituals. He criticized Chosŏn’s various cultural practices, such as prioritizing “tomb rites” over “seasonal rites,” appellations of women, and female headdress, as deviating from the ritual orthodoxy of China. The use of Yongli reign title instead of Chongzhen one was another way of distinguishing themselves. Through a more liberal interpretation of Yongli emperor’s calendar transmitted to Chosŏn by shipwrecked Chinese refugees in 1667, they believed the 1667 incident represented an event tantamount to the bestowal of Yongli’s imperial calendar to Chosŏn.