18F]MK‐6240 depicts early and late Braak stages of neurofibrillary tangles in preclinical and symptomatic subjects

Abstract

AbstractBackgroundPostmortem Braak staging provides an index of disease stage and has therefore been incorporated as a core neuropathological criterion for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Recent in vivo studies using the tau positron emission tomography agent [18F]flortaucipir have shown low sensitivity to detect tau pathology in early Braak stages. These studies report Braak I‐II or greater in ∼20% of cognitively unimpaired elderly, in contrast to the ∼70‐90% of non‐zero Braak stage reported in postmortem studies. Here, we tested whether the novel high‐affinity tau tangles tracer [18F]MK‐6240 (6 fold > [18F]flortaucipir)can better identify individuals in the early stages of tau accumulation.MethodTo this end, we studied 301 individuals (30 young adults, 138 cognitively unimpaired (CU) elderly, 67 mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 54 AD dementia, and 12 frontotemporal dementia (FTD)) with amyloid‐b[18F]NAV4694, tau [18F]MK‐6240, magnetic resonance imaging, and clinical assessments.Results[18F]MK‐6240 discriminated AD from FTD dementia as well as predicted amyloid‐b positivity with the highest area under the curve in Braak I‐II region (=∼95‐100%)(Fig.1 and 2). [18F]MK‐6240 accumulation hierarchically followed the 6 Braak stages (Fig.3)in 98% of our population (Fig.4).91% of the elderly amyloid‐b positive and 46% of the elderly amyloid‐b negative displayed tau deposition, at least in the transentorhinal cortex (Braak I)(Fig.4). Cognition and amyloid‐b status explained most of the Braak stages variance (P<0.0001, R2=0.75). Tau deposition solely in the transentorhinal cortex was associated with an elevated prevalence of amyloid‐b, neurodegeneration, and cognitive impairment (P<0.0001). No single region‐of‐interest accurately segregated individuals into the 6 Braak stages (Fig.5). However, classification decision tree analysis suggested that a composite of transentorhinal, entorhinal, and hippocampal cortices(Braak I‐II) was the region‐of‐interest that best represented [18F]MK‐6240Braak stages (capacity of a region’ SUVR cutoff segregating individuals in 7 levels (Braak 0‐VI)) (accuracy=86.2%)(Fig.6).ConclusionOur results highlight that the hierarchical 6‐stage Braak model using [18F]MK‐6240 provides a robust index of early and late tau accumulation as well as disease stages in preclinical and symptomatic individuals. Tau positron emission tomography Braak staging using high‐affinity tracers has the potential to be incorporated in the diagnosis of living patients with AD.