自由主義外交政策的試驗―英國對柏林條約的推行，1880-1881

Abstract

This research expounds the Liberal Party's attitude and policy towards the Treaty of Berlin, thereby revealing the conflict and reconciliation between classical liberalism and modem imperialism. In a broad sense, this thesis deals with the Liberal Party's criticisms of the Disraeli Government's Eastern policy since the Berlin Congress of 1878 and the Liberals' standpoints towards the Turkish question from the end of the Russo-Turkish War (1878) till the fulfillment of the Berlin Treaty by 1882. Specifically, it treats of the Liberal Government's policy in executing the Treaty of Berlin from the start of Gladstone's second ministry to the end of 1881, when the territorial arrangements of the Treaty had mostly been disposed of. The paper is divided into five sections: 1. Introduction: The Eastern Question and the Liberal Party by 1880; 2. The Proposition of a Liberal Solution to the Turkish Question: the Gladstone Government's Policy towards the Execution of the Berlin Treaty; 3. Legality, Justice and Power: the Montenegrin and Greek Questions; 4. Moral Influence or Imperial Command: the Liberal Policy on Turkish Reforms and the Cyprus Question; 5. Conclusion: Ideas and Practices in the Liberals' Eastern Policy. In general, they explain the way the Liberals contributed-however differently from the Conservatives-to the expansion of the British Empire, and, paradoxically, to the overthrow of classical liberalism in the meantime.