Abstract

The widespread clinical use of ketamine as an antidepressant is limited due to its abuse liability and capacity to produce dissociative effects. Ketamine’s mechanism of antidepressant action has been hypothesized to be due to NMDAR inhibition; however, other NMDAR antagonists do not manifest the full antidepressant actions of ketamine. Ketamine is rapidly and stereospecifically metabolized to norketamine, dehydronorketamine, hydroxyketamine and the hydroxynorketamines (HNKs).

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