1840-1860년대 청조의 ‘속국’ 문제에 대한 대응

Abstract

초록·키워드 목차 오류제보하기 This study set out to examine changes to Qing Dynasty"s response process during conflicts between its tributary states and Western powers between the 1840s and the 1860s. Previous studies reported that modern Qing"s policy about Joseon made a shift from the non-intervention or neglect policy before the 1880s to the intervention policy or policy of reinforcing its suzerainty after the 1880s. This understanding was, however, established by most of previous studies that pivoted on the 1860s. Once the pivot is moved to the 1840s, new implications are found even based on the lack of historical materials. In the 1840s, Qing"s attitude strongly reflected its willing to act as the “Tianchao(天朝)”, which should protect its “Vassal states” within its tributary system including Joseon. In the declining process of its own power, Qing tried to stop the Western Powers from advancing to East Asia by expanding the application of its interpretations of Treaties of Nanking, Bogue, Whampoa, etc. which prohibited the entrance and trade of Western ships along the coasts except for the five trade ports to Joseon and Lewchew(Ryukyu), emphasizing that these states belonged to the Qing suzerainty. After the 2nd Opium War, however, Qing started to emphasize the autonomy of its tributary states instead of their subordination. There were a couple of reasons behind it: first, Qing allowed Westerners to travel its inland and do free missionary works, but its tributary states including Joseon still refused to accept trade and missionary works from Westerners. Unlike before, Qing felt a need to make it clear that its treaties with the West were not applied to its tributary states; and secondly, Qing wanted to avoid the possibilities of getting involved in disputes between its tributary states and Western powers such as the French invasion of Korea in 1866 when its national power was weak after the 2nd Opium War and Taiping Rebellion. In short, Qing"s insistence on its suzerainty for its tributary states changed in flexible and variable ways according to the need in the middle of changing international situations and domestic circumstances. #종주권 #속국 #조공질서 #조약체제 #후먼조약 #황푸조약 #톈진조약 #宗主权 #属国 #条约体系 #虎门条约 #黃埔条约 #天津条约 #Suzerainty #Vassal state #Tributary System #Treaty System #Treaty of Bogue(Hoomun Chai) #Treaty of Whampoa #Treaty of Tientsin Ⅰ. 서론Ⅱ. 「南京條約」 이후 청조의 ‘屬國’ 주장Ⅲ. 「天津條約」과 ‘屬國自主’의 등장Ⅳ. 결론참고문헌Abstract