Abstract
Epidemiological studies have demonstrated convincing evidence on the consumption of Trans Fatty Acids (TFAs) in relation to cardiovascular heart disease risk factors and events. A 2% energy intake of TFAs increases the risk of developing cardiovascular heart disease by 22%. TFAs have been reported to increase the concentrations of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoprotein A-1, lipoprotein (a), and total: High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio. Furthermore, they also have been found to depress the concentrations of HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B-100 and to impair endothelial function and provoke a pro-inflammatory state. Hence, regulatory measures have been taken globally to eliminate TFAs from the human food chain based on the mounting evidence from in vivo and in vitro studies and human clinical trials. In Malaysia, the government has also put up regulatory measures in an effort to reduce the TFA content in food products. This chapter discusses regulatory measures, TFA content, and alternatives to TFAs in food formulations in a Malaysian scenario.
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