Abstract
Accurately evaluating immuno-oncology therapeutics in pre-clinical models presents a significant technological challenge in translational oncology. Both human organoid models and humanized mouse models fail to recapitulate the complexity of the cancer tumor microenvironment found in the patient. Multiple stromal components such as immune cells, fibroblasts, blood vessels, and even bacteria have been shown to affect tumor response to treatment, suggesting the need for their inclusion and faithful reconstruction in pharmacological development.
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