清帝國的邊疆治理及其土地制度：以新竹頭前溪中上游地區為例（1790-1895）

Abstract

Lin Shuang-wen incident in Taiwan, happened in the late eighteenth century, is generally regarded as large-scale upheaval within society. Nonetheless, this upheaval, along with with the external campaigns between the Qing Empire and Xinjiang, northern Sichuan and other places, was known as Qianlong Emperor’s “Ten Great Campaigns.” It is clear to the end of Lin Shuang-wen incident is not just pacifying an unrest for the Qing Dynasty, but a milestone for solving the problems on the border. From this perspective, the action of the Qing Dynasty incorporating the illegal cultivation after the turmoil is in fact can be seen as a microcosm of the external expansion of the Qing Dynasty; while the land development after the turmoil can be seen as a microcosm of the frontier governing of the empire. Most of the relevant researches and studies on the empire and its frontier areas focus on the policy planning of the imperial court. However, there is an old Chinese saying: “Shang yǒu zhengce, xia yǒu duice (meaning the higher ups have policies while the lower downs have their own ways of getting around them)”; if we only understand the policy made by the imperial court without looking at the local’s response strategies, then we could merely measure the effectiveness of governance strategy on the surface through the perspective of imperial court, and cannot specifically understand the true face of history. Consequently, I believe that only through the method of regional research could we understand the governess of border areas. Deeply study the response process of local society after the execution of the policy, in order to further understand the governance strategy of the Qing Dynasty and its impact. After the Lin Shuang-wen incident, the empire mainly applied aborigine military colonies system (番屯制度)and guard posts system (隘墾制度) as strategies monitoring illegal cultivations out of bounds. Therefore, this study will explore how development of land of the local society was executed under these two strategies. The research region of this study is the upper basin of Touchian River in Hsinchu, formerly known as the region of Jiu Qiong Lin Zhuang (九芎林莊) and He Xing Zhuang (合興莊) in the Qing Dynasty, which is approx the region of Qionglin Township and Hengshan Township, Hsinchu County, of today. Jiu Qiong Lin Zhuang originally was an illegal cultivation area but was incorporated into the cultivation area after the Lin Shuang-wen incident. While He Xing Zhuang was an extended cultivation village after the execution of guard posts system. Thus, the regions’ developing process is precisely involved with the history process of the Qing Dynasty incorporating the outside regions. Through the investigation and research of the aforementioned regions, this study will point out that the implementation of the aborigine military colonies system and guard posts system in the late 18th century, though seemed like an approach of further controlling the border areas and preventing the Han people in Taiwan excessively expanding outward and avoiding conflicts and confrontations with the aborigines, the actual implementation process of the land developments often resulted in incorporating more illegal cultivation activities into the Qing Dynasty and become part of the empire. This kind of history process reflects that the land development developed by the Qing Dynasty in order to control the border areas actually blurred the border of the Qing Dynasty and gradually expanded outward. Which also represents that the territory changes of the empire was not necessarily based on outward expansion through military forces or culture influences; in Taiwan, the soft and flexible land development, on the other hand, is the major factor of how the empire could continue absorbing border areas