Abstract

本文主要在探究乾嘉學者,尤其是戴震,在重建原始儒學之努力,其要點有三: 一、乾嘉時期之考證學:乾嘉學風以考證知名。之所以如此,主要乃針對宋、明理學家之詮釋儒學而來。由於不滿宋、明學者哲學思辯之研究儒學典籍,而未能把握原始儒學之真貌,乾嘉學者乃轉而以考證之方式來研究儒家之原典。雖然,乾嘉考證學風之興起與理學有關,但考證學實不應視為僅是對宋、明理學之反動或理學之承續而已,它實代表一種自我意識之努力,乃欲恢復原始儒學之真貌,並強化儒學之傳統。 二、戴震之思想發展:戴氏雖被視為乾嘉時代最重要之考證學者之一,然戴氏為學之旨趣實不侷限於此。戴氏與其他考證學者不同的是,前者視考證僅為彰顯儒學真相之手段而非目的;而後者則視考證本身為目的,亦即為考證而考證也。因此,戴氏為學實超出考證學之外,而欲以哲學之方法來彰顯儒學之原貌。其哲學著作,如,《緒言》、《原善》及《孟子字義疏證》等,即表明其在此方面努力之成績,其目的即欲以本身之哲學來取代宋、明理學。 三、戴氏之哲學信念及方法:戴氏明言其治學乃以明道為目的,而明道則需由考古釋文始。故其為學方法乃是一語言學或訓詁之方法,亦即欲以訓詁之方法來研究哲學之問題,並以之作為彰顯原始儒學真相之最佳方法也。

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