Abstract
Entrained air modifies the rheology of concrete and its durability to freezing and thawing cycles. An air-entrained network is characterized by the total volume of entrained air expressed, the diameter of the bubbles, the spacing factor (which represents the average half-distance between two adjacent air bubbles), and the average surface volume. Like cement particles, entrained air bubbles have a diameter varying from 1 to 100μm; on the contrary, coarse-entrapped air bubbles have a diameter similar to that of sand particles. Parameters of formulation, cement type and fineness, concrete consistency, superplasticizer dosage, presence of supplementary cementitious materials, use of other types of admixtures, use of fibers, mixing, and transportation techniques influence air entrainment. Entrained air bubbles must remain stable during transportation, placing, pumping, and finishing. Usually, it is not difficult to fix the formulation of a mix by trial and error and produce a network of entrained air bubbles that satisfy design requirements.
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