17~18세기 준가르帝國과 호이드 - 호이드 귀족 가문의 위상 변화를 중심으로 -

Abstract

This article examines the history of the Khoid aristocracy during the period of the Zunghar Empire (1676-1755). In Galdan’s reign, most of the Khoid aristocracy rejected the rule of the Zunghar Empire. In several cases, Khoid nobles allied with Khoshuud princes to resist the Zunghar hegemony on the Central Asian steppe. Soon after Tsewang Rabdan initiated his struggle against Galdan in an attempt to ascend the throne of the Zunghar Empire, the Khoid aristocracy submitted to the Zunghar state under Tsewang Rabdan’s rule, providing him with substantial military support. Since Tsewang Rabdan’s army was then considerably outnumbered by Galdan’s, the incorporation of the Khoids to Tsewang Rabdan’s side significantly contributed to Tsewang Rabdan’s victory over Galdan. During the Zunghar civil war, the Khoids served as one of the earliest and most crucial allies of Tsewang Rabdan. Thus, after Tsewang Rabdan established himself as the sole sovereign of the Zunghar Empire, the Khoid nobility witnessed a drastic rise in its socio-political status. For example, Khoid princes continuously served as principal marriage partners of the Zunghar royal family from the early 1720s. Moreover, numerous sub-branches of the Khoid aristocracy possessed their appanages in at least four different regional units of the Zunghar territory. Despite this elevated socio-political standing, the Khoid aristocracy remained under the strict control of the Zunghar supreme ruler. In sum, the Khoid aristocracy enhanced its status by adapting itself to the momentous political transition, in which the centralized Zunghar imperial system replaced the decentralized Four Oirad Confederation.