16-17世紀オスマン朝下の東部アナトリアにおける「ユルトルク=オジャクルク」と「ヒュクーメト」の成立

Abstract

This paper analyzes the establishment by the Ottoman Empire of the Yurtluk ve Ocaklik and the hükûmet in eastern Anatolia and their historical development.After the Ottoman Empire took the eastern Anatolia under its control in the 16th century, it examined the situation of the land tenure and the distribution among the power of Kurdish amirs (chieftain) who had governed the area. This was aimed at merging eastern Anatolia into its local administration system. Thereafter amirs received sancaks (subdivision of a province) as a yurtluk ve ocaklik (hereditary holding) which authorized them to keep inherited privileges. The Ottoman Empire called the sancaks of powerful amirs eyalets (semi-autonomous sancak), but the distinction remained vague. At the end of 16th century when the word hükûmet started to be commonly used instead of eyalet, the sancaks of powerful amirs were designated hükûmets accordingly. The establishment of the hükûmet played a decisive role in differentiating the more and less powerful amirs by naming them separately.Hükûmet means the exemption from the land survey and the timar (fief) system, and where all the tax income belonged to the amir. The definition of hükûmet changed over time. In some hükûmets the privileges of amirs were gradually undermined. On the other hand, the amirs who ruled hükûmets remained powerful, obtaining the title of han (khan) instead of bey at the end of 17th century.The establishment of hükûmet exemplified the real nature of the Ottoman governing system. The Ottoman Empire introduced the Ottoman governing system, which embraced traditional political and social order into eastern Anatolia. In other words, the establishment of the yurtluk ve ocaklzk and the hükûmet represents one aspect of the reconstitution of traditional order by the Ottoman Empire.