Abstract
The chapter discusses the determination of activity coefficients from distribution between two liquid phases. Activity coefficients in aqueous solvents may be determined by distribution measurements. This chapter discusses aqueous solutions and their importance to biochemical problems. The most common application of distribution measurements is the determination of activity coefficients of nonelectrolytes in aqueous salt solutions. The chapter also discusses the application of measurements of activity coefficients of model compounds to the study of effects of denaturing agents and salts on proteins. Along with solubility and isopiestic measurements, distribution measurements provide one of the commonly used methods for the determination of activity coefficients. Although the distribution method may be applied to any stable compound, it has been generally used for the study of nonelectrolytes. In addition, the principles of distribution or partition between phases have had widespread applications in chemistry and biochemistry, and these include important procedures as solvent extractions and various chromatographic techniques.
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