Abstract
This chapter describes the quantum beats, level-crossing spectroscopy, and anticrossing spectroscopy. Quantum-beat, level-crossing, and anticrossing spectroscopy are inherently doppler-free ways of obtaining precise spectroscopic information about excited states. Quantum-beat and level-crossing spectroscopy are coherent in the sense that it is necessary to create a coherent superposition of states to observe a signal. This chapter also describes quantum-beat spectroscopy, and then shows the way it is related to the Hanle effect, the zero-field level crossing of Zeeman levels. While the Hanle effect was observed long ago, high-field level crossings were not observed until much more recently. In contrast to these methods, anticrossing spectroscopy is incoherent; only population differences are required to observe anticrossing signals, just as in RF spectroscopy.
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