Abstract
After some comments on evaluation as an integral part of science, the emphasis in this paper is on evaluation for policy purposes. Early attempts to validate the use of bibliometric indicators are outlined. Three lessons emerge: 1. Best results with a variety of methods 2. Reliable results if publication is the major means of communication 3. Useless in technology (applicable science) Next the measurement of a Citation Gap in applicable science is described. Examples are given of the use of bibliometrics in actual policy decisions about the selection of advisors, personnel and budgets. Bibliometrics for policy purposes should never be used on its own. In a final chapter a description is given of the evaluation method to select research projects for financial support, as applied by STW, the technology branch of the Netherlands' research council, NWO.
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