15%-Efficient multicrystalline-silicon photovoltaic modules: cell processing and characterization

Abstract

A relatively simple single-photomask process was used to produce high-efficiency large-area solar cells on commercially available heat-exchanger-method (HEM) multicrystalline silicon (mc-Si). Large-area cell efficiencies up to 16.4% were achieved before lamination. These cells were built into two prototype one-sun modules whose performance has set a new standard for mc-Si photovoltaic modules (15% at standard reporting conditions). These results demonstrate that significant performance gains can be achieved in commercial mc-Si modules with currently available substrates through improved processing. Continued evolutionary developments in substrate and cell manufacturing promise to maintain, and likely improve mc-Si's PV market position.