α-1,4-Glucan lyase, a new class of starch/glycogen degrading enzyme. III. Substrate specificity, mode of action, and cleavage mechanism

Abstract

The α-1,4-glucan lyase (EC 4.2.2.-), purified from the red alga Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis, is a single polypeptide with a molecular mass of 116654 Da as determined by matrix-assisted laser-desorption mass spectrometry. It degraded maltose, maltosaccharides, amylose, amylopectin and glycogen, forming 1,5-anhydro- d-fructose from the non-reducing end groups. The substrate specificity, mode of action, and cleavage mechanism of the enzyme were studied by using various naturally occurring and synthesized substrates. This enzyme was highly specific for the α-1,4- d-glucosidic bond. When a linear α-1,4-glucan was used as substrate, the enzyme split the substrate from the non-reducing end and released 1,5-anhydro- d-fructose successively until only one glucose unit was left. When a branched pentasaccharide of 6 2-α-maltosylmaltotriose, obtained from glycogen by α-amylase limitation, was used as substrate, the glucose group in the 4-position of the 4,6-branched residue was not cleaved off. Using maltoheptaose as substrate and following the reaction with HPLC and 1H-NMR spectroscopy, it was found that the action mode of the lyase followed a multichain attack mechanism. 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopic studies on unlabelled and labelled amylose (1- 2 H, 2- 2 H, 1- 13 C) as substrates indicated that the lyase cleaved the C-(1′)-O(4) bond forming a double bond between C-1′ and C-2′, thus forming the enol form of 1,5-anhydro- d-fructose. It also indicated that the catalytic process of the lyase involved proton exchanges among C-1, C-2, C-3 and the solvent.