Abstract

Combination immunotherapy with an anti-PD-1 inhibitor and an anti-CTLA-4 inhibitor is used as first-line therapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). While providing the benefit of a certain population of long-term responders, the frequency of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) is known to be high with the combination therapy. Thus, predictive biomarkers of irAEs could help guide treatment strategies.

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