14 - Nuclear power plant systems

Abstract

Nuclear power plants generate heat, which is used to drive turbines connected to a generator that produces electricity. These plants are usually considered to cover base load stations. In this chapter, the main emphasis is on the fundamental aspects of nuclear power plants, covering the core subjects of nuclear engineering. The chapter starts with an introduction and the types of nuclear reactors along with comparative analysis of large to small and medium-sized nuclear reactors. Nowadays, building of large nuclear reactors is not a favorable option, and hence the trend for developing small nuclear reactors is increasing correspondingly. Small-sized nuclear reactors were instrumental during the pioneering days of commercial nuclear power plants to facilitate the development and demonstration of early reactor technologies and to establish operational experience for the fledgling nuclear power industry. This chapter is focused on the design aspects of nuclear power plants, specifically for small reactors, with all the designing features and related parameters. In addition, comparison of large to small reactors with all possible variations has been included with comprehensive explanation. In addition, the operational flexibilities and constructive features have been added considering the role of International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The basic design is mainly concerned with safety, reliability, and passive safety systems. Some of small nuclear reactors (both small and modular types) are included with all possible passive safety system and facilities. A brief review of the design and safety aspects of some small nuclear reactors have been discussed. At the end, some recommendations and challenges are also included for the purpose to play an effective role in the nuclear industry.