Abstract
Most types of hydrogen damage result from the movement of atomic hydrogen, or hydrogen permeation, through steel. Hydrogen exiting a steel surface is known as hydrogen flux. Flux measurements provide information relating to cracking risk and also to the causes of hydrogen permeation. In petrochemical operations, hydrogen permeation may be caused by the formation of hydrogen on a steel surface due to some corrosive process, or dissolution of hydrogen into steel at high temperatures, such as in hydrogen plants, or due to release of trapped hydrogen in traps in the steel upon high temperature excursions, such as during welding or in preweld hydrogen bakeouts. In this chapter, we identify situations in which hydrogen flux has been usefully measured and address the interpretation of hydrogen flux measurements to provide an indication of hydrogen damage risk or rate of corrosion.
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