δ13C values and phytanic acid diastereomer ratios: combined evaluation of two markers suggested for authentication of organic milk and dairy products

Abstract

Authentication of organic milk by suitable markers is currently attracting more and more interests in food control. In this study, we aimed to compare the efficiency of the markers stable carbon isotope ratio (δ13C value) with the SRR/RRR phytanic acid diastereomer ratio (SRR/RRR) of milk fat for distinguishing different feeding systems. For stable carbon isotope ratio analysis by elemental analysis–isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA-IRMS), we first developed a simple sample preparation method based on milk fat extracts allowed to evaporate the solvent in tin capsules for liquid samples. The δ13C values and reproducibility measured with this alternative sample pre-treatment method excellently matched those obtained with the current standard method. Applied to milk samples, the results of the EA-IRMS analysis were linked to the SRR/RRR, and both markers allowed to distinguish milk from cows fed with hay (δ13C value > −28.0 ‰, SRR/RRR <1.5) from feed used in conventional milk production which contained maize silage (C4-plants) (p < 0.001). Milk fat of organic retail cheese samples was also highly depleted in 13C (δ13C value −30.0 ‰ ± 1.1), and the SRR/RRR was low (<1.5). However, seven cheese samples showed inconsistent δ13C values and SRR/RRR, most likely due to the feeding of grass silage. Both parameters (δ13C values and SRR/RRR), together with the phytanic acid content of milk fat, also allowed distinguishing between the feeding of high amounts of pasture, hay, and/or grass silage.