Abstract
The parallel batches of the same species and geographical origin mushrooms both raw and stir-fried were investigated to get an insight into the content and intake of 137Cs, 40K, and K from mushroom meals. The Boletaceae family species (Baorangia bicolor, Boletus bainiugan, Butyriboletus roseoflavus, Retiboletus griseus, Rugiboletus extremiorientalis, and Sutorius magnificus) were collected from the Midu County (Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture) in 2018. The activity concentrations of 137Cs in the caps of dried raw mushrooms were in the range 14 ± 1 Bq kg−1 dry biomass (db) (R. griseus) to 34 ± 2 Bq kg−1 db (R. extremiorientalis), and in stems from 16 ± 1 Bq kg−1 db (B. bicolor and B. bainiugan) to 23 ± 1 Bq kg-1 db (R. extremiorientalis). The mean activity concentration in the whole fruiting bodies in all six species was 18 ± 4 Bq kg-1 db. The activity concentrations of 137Cs were roughly the same in both dehydrated materials, stir-fried, and raw mushrooms, while the contents of 40K and stable K were around 2- to 3-fold smaller in stir-fried than raw product. The raw and stir-fried mushrooms on a whole (wet) weight basis showed activity concentrations of 137Cs in the range from 1.2 to 3.2 Bq kg−1 ww (mean 1.9 ± 0.6 Bq kg−1 ww) and 6.0 to 9.4 Bq kg−1 ww (mean 7.0 ± 1.2 Bq kg−1 ww), respectively. Evidently, when expressed on a whole (wet) weight basis, the cooked mushrooms showed on average around 3.5-fold greater activity concentration of 137Cs when compared with raw mushrooms. The 137Cs, 40K, and total K enrichment in stir-frying (in a whole (wet) weight basis for the meal), confronted with the results for dehydrated raw and fried mushrooms, show the direct correlation with loss of mass (largely moisture) during the cooking procedure but not much of 137Cs and 40K. Edible wild mushrooms from Yunnan were little contaminated with radiocaesium. As assessed, the mean radioactivity dose from natural 40K in around 9.3-fold exceeded the dose obtained for artificial 137Cs from stir-fried mushroom meals, which both were very low doses.
Highlights
Mushrooms that grow in the wild are known to be sensitive to contamination with radiocaesium (134Cs/137Cs) that originates from atmospheric fallout
The activity concentrations of 137Cs in pooled samples of caps of the species were in the range 14 ± 1 Bq kg−1 db in Retiboletus griseus to 34 ± 2 Bq kg−1 db in Rugiboletus extremiorientalis
Values of 137Cs in the pooled samples of stems were from 16 ± 1 Bq kg−1 db in Baorangia bicolor and Boletus bainiugan to 23 ± 1 Bq kg−1 db in Rugiboletus extremiorientalis
Summary
Mushrooms that grow in the wild are known to be sensitive to contamination with radiocaesium (134Cs/137Cs) that originates from atmospheric fallout. The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986 caused high and long-lasting pollution over significant parts of continental Europe. This included contamination of forest soils with 137Cs in many regions, and of the wild mushrooms that grow in these forests (Betti et al 2017; Chiaravalle et al 2018; Falandysz et al 2015; Grodzynska 2018; Orita et al 2017; Travnikova et al 2002; Tucaković et al 2018). A failure of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in caused pollution with 137Cs of mushrooms in a region of Japan (Prand-Stritzko and Steinhauser 2018; Steinhauser et al 2014). Soil in Yunnan is considered little polluted with 137Cs, and forest topsoil (0–5 cm layer) sampled from the Changning localization (ca. 200 km west of Midu County) in Yunnan in 2016 showed the 137Cs activity concentration at level 4.9 ± 0.6 Bq kg−1 dry weight (Falandysz et al 2018)
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