Abstract
Recent findings in the fields of immunotherapy & vaccine development have shown that biomaterials exhibit intrinsic immunomodulatory effects. This caused a paradigm shift in the way we perceive biomaterials. The role of cytokines in cancer has been regarded as a paradox; however, reports indicated that high level of proinflammatory cytokines in serum is favorable for the recruitment of immune cells in contrary to their levels in the tumor microenvironment (TME) which increases tumor growth, invasiveness & immunosuppression.
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