Abstract
The ankle joint was the last joint in which total joint replacement was attempted. For that reason, total ankle replacement (TAR) currently presents more problems than encountered in total hip or knee replacement. In the 1970s, several first-generation TAR designs were introduced. The main distinguishing features among the designs included whether they were fixed versus mobile bearings and whether they had congruent versus incongruent articulating surfaces. Commonalities of the designs included replacement or resurfacing of both the tibial and talar surfaces, the use of cement for bony fixation, and a metasl-on-ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (hereafter UHMWPE) bearing surface. Based on their clinical performance, many of the early designs were recommended only for older patients with low physical demands, or their use was abandoned entirely.
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