Abstract
Gulf elites’ costly projects have an audience, regardless of where specifically located, that is significantly international. There is a desire to acquire world recognition independent of hydrocarbon plutocracy. The result is a proliferation of global-elite institutions and displays, serviced by specific infrastructures, both bureaucratic and physical. A cumulative result, in governance terms, are state apparatuses that are highly segmented not just spatially but organizationally as well. Specific elite agencies run separately from the rest of the state bureaucracy. The underlying strategies are thus anchored in the monarchies’ local political economy, rather than, for example, international civil society or substantive emulation of outside forms of governance. This is all in line with a general pattern of rent-financed state building that is both top-down and deeply fragmented.
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