Abstract
Abstract The history of the study of orthopteran chromosomes is coincident with the formulation of the chromosome theory of heredity and the rediscovery of Mendel's laws, thus with the birth of cytogenetics. We review the early contributions of grasshopper chromosomes to the chromosome theory the understanding of sex chromosomes, the phenomena of mitosis, meiosis, linkage, crossing over and recombination, the problems of chiasma localization and terminalization, reproduction and parthenogenesis, the nature and behavior of B chromosomes and supernumerary segments, and the role of chromosomal rearrangements in microevolution and speciation. We also discuss the influence of early works on later research, and emphasize the fundamental contributions of Michael J. D.White to modern cytogenetics and evolutionary biology in general.
Highlights
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GRASSHOPPER WITH COMPLEX STRUCTURAL HETEROZYGOSITY /RTHOPTERA !CRIDOIDEA !USTRALIAN*OURNALOF:OOLOGY 7HITE -*$ ,EWONTIN 2# !NDREW ,% B #YTOGENETICS OF THE GRASSHOPPER-ORABASCURRA6))'EOGRAPHICVARIATIONOFADAPTIVEPROPERTIES OFINVERSIONS%VOLUTION 7HITE-*$ -ORLEY&(7%FFECTSOFPERICENTRICREARRANGEMENTSON RECOMBINATIONINGRASSHOPPERCHROMOSOMES'ENETICS 7HITE-*$ .ICKERSON.(3TRUCTURALHETEROZYGOSITYINAVERYRARE SPECIESOFGRASSHOPPER!MERICAN.ATURALIST 7ISE $ 2ICKARDS '+ ! QUADRIVALENT STUDIED IN LIVING AND lXED GRASSHOPPERSPERMATOCYTES#HROMOSOMA 7OLF+7(OWMEIOTICCELLSDEALWITHNON EXCHANGECHROMOSOMES "IOESSAYS 7OOLSEY #) ,INKAGE OF CHROMOSOMES CORRELATED WITHREDUCTIONIN NUMBERS AMONG THE SPECIES OF A GENUS WITHIN A SPECIES OF THE ,OCUSTIDAE"IOLOGICAL"ULLETIN
Summary
UNDERSTANDINGOFSEXCHROMOSOMES THEPHENOMENAOFMITOSIS MEIOSIS 4HE/RTHOPTERAINEARLYCYTOGENETICS-ENDELSPRINCIPLESANDBIGCHRO LINKAGE CROSSING OVER AND RECOMBINATION THE PROBLEMS OF CHIASMA MOSOMES4HE HISTORY OF CYTOGENETICS WILL BE FOREVER INTIMATELY LOCALIZATIONANDTERMINALIZATION REPRODUCTIONANDPARTHENOGENESIS THE ASSOCIATEDWITHTHE/RTHOPTERA#YTOGENETICSWASBORNATTHEBEGIN NATUREANDBEHAVIOROF"CHROMOSOMESANDSUPERNUMERARYSEGMENTS AND NINGOFTHETWENTIETHCENTURY WITHTHECOMBINATIONOFTHEALREADY THEROLEOFCHROMOSOMALREARRANGEMENTSINMICROEVOLUTIONANDSPECIATION 7EALSODISCUSSTHEINmUENCEOFEARLYWORKSONLATERRESEARCH ANDEMPHASIZE THEFUNDAMENTALCONTRIBUTIONSOF-ICHAEL*$7HITETOMODERNCYTOGENETICS WELL DEVELOPEDSCIENCEOFCYTOLOGYANDTHEgREDISCOVERYgOF-ENDELgS PRINCIPLESINSEPARATELYBYTHREESCIENTISTS$E6RIES #ORRENS ONCEWROTE@!SUBJECTOFPERENNIALINTERESTISOFFEREDBYTHEMATURING GERMCELLS ANDTHATAPPRECIATIONISNOTLACKINGISWELLEVIDENCEDBYTHE CHROMOSOMALSPECIATION CHROMOSOMETHEORY HISTORYOFCYTOGENET LARGEANNUALOUTPUTOFPAPERSDEVOTEDTODIFFERENTPHASESOFTHEQUESTION
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