Abstract
Cell cryopreservation maintains cellular life at sub-zero temperatures by slowing down cellular biochemical reactions. It has been widely used in modern regenerative, transfusion, and reproductive medicine. Current cryopreservation techniques are based on slow and rapid freezing (conventional vitrification) approaches. Although both of these methods are clinically utilized, adverse biochemical and biomechanical changes (cryo-injury) in the preserved cells cause loss of cell viability, morphology, and functionality. Such cryo-injury usually affects the cells due to osmotic shock or toxicity of cryoprotectants (e.g., glycerol and Me 2 SO). Recent approaches based on using minimum volume vitrification and bio-inspired materials (e.g., ectoin and trehalose) provide a better alternative to the conventional cryopreservation methods. Herein, we review recent advances in cell cryopreservation technology and provide examples of techniques that are utilized in stem cell (SC), red blood cell (RBC), and oocyte cryopreservation. We also discuss the limitations of conventional technologies and highlight future directions in cell cryopreservation. Source of funding: None declared. Conflict of interest: None declared. utkan1@gmail.com
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