10.1063/5.0121099.2

Abstract

The injection of air bubbles into the liquid phase of a freestream flow has several impacts on the flow structure, which depends on the volume and size of the bubbles. This work experimentally investigates the characteristics of air bubble injection into freestream flow using three different injector models. The effects of the bubble curtain on the sound wave attention are studied. A wide range of air injection rates from 2 to 50 standard liters per minute is injected into the freestream water at Froude numbers (Fr) of 50.5, 70.7, and 90.9. The injector model is placed on the sidewall, which is where the bubble curtain is generated. High-speed cameras and an image processing technique are used to visualize and quantify the projected void fraction (PVF) of air bubbles. The sound measurement system consists of two hydrophones. The first hydrophone projects sound waves at discrete frequencies ranging from 17 to 50 kHz, and the second receives the transmitted sound waves. The bubble PVF is observed to increase with the air injection rate as the Froude number increases. There is no significant increment in the thickness of the bubbly curtain when the air injection rate or Froude number increases. The different air injector models produce various air bubble flow patterns, and model II provides the highest PVF. The bubble curtain greatly suppresses sound waves at all frequency ranges. However, the sound attenuation rate varies along the frequency range. The insertion loss increases depending on the PVF of the bubbles, freestream velocity, and frequency range. At a high Froude number of 90.9, the increased air injection rate does not affect the insertion loss. Model II has a relatively higher insertion loss rate at frequencies >26 kHz.