Abstract
This chapter introduces various procedures and equipments used in chemical reactions in practical applications. A round-bottomed, three-necked flask equipped with a combination of a dropping funnel and an inlet for inert gas, a mechanical stirrer and a combination of a thermometer and an outlet is recommended for most of the procedures. The inlet for inert gas can be omitted and the outlet connected to a balloon or relatively big flask filled with inert gas, if no gases are evolved from the reaction mixture. The glass rod with a flattened end, a chromium-plated paddle is used depending upon the required efficiency of stirring. An alcohol or pentane thermometer is generally used. The combination of a syringe and a rubber septum is more convenient than the dropping funnel. Magnetic stirring is carried out if the volume of the reaction mixture is limited. The chapter describes the use of liquid ammonia as a reaction mixture for many reactions involving acetylenic compounds. It also lists some common abbreviations used in practical applications.
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