Abstract
A large number of offshore wind farms have been recently developed in offshore wind turbines (OWTs) in seismically active regions. Currently, there is no dedicated seismic design code tailored to offshore wind turbines, resulting in their seismic design often mirroring that of buildings. However, the intricate soil-water-structure interaction (SWSI) and its influence on the system's seismic response is a crucial consideration for OWTs. This study initially investigated the impact of SWSI on the natural frequency of OWTs using shaking table tests, with findings showing that considering SWSI results in a significant reduction in the natural frequency of OWTs. Subsequent physical modeling on a shaking table examined the effects of monopile diameter (D) and driven length (Ld), as well as the presence of a shallow wheel with different diameters (Dw) within a hybrid monopile. The analysis focused on tower acceleration, tower lateral displacement, and soil liquefaction during seismic loading. Based on the test results, increasing the monopile diameter and utilizing the hybrid monopile increases the turbine's seismic response. However, increasing the monopile driven length emerged as a suitable solution to improve the seismic response in offshore wind turbines.
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