Abstract
Abstract Clay minerals are introduced with their main structural features and unit cell formulae. Isomorphous substitution creates a negative lattice charge, leading to cation exchange, swelling, and intercalation. Edge surfaces and interlayer space are defined together with the surface atoms: O, OH, and exchangeable cations. They are of primary importance to understand the interaction of adsorbed molecules and ions with the surface of clay minerals and for surface–surface interactions. The forces involved in all these interactions are always attractive and induce the organization of the system, which is counteracted by the thermal energy.
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