1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and Its TX527 Analog Inhibit the Growth of Endothelial Cells Transformed by Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpes Virus G Protein-Coupled Receptor in Vitro and in Vivo

Abstract

The Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpes virus-G protein-coupled receptor is a key molecule in the pathogenesis of Kaposi sarcoma, playing a central role in promoting vascular endothelial growth factor-driven angiogenesis and spindle cell proliferation. We studied the effects of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3)] and the analog TX527 on the proliferation of endothelial cells (SVECs) and SVECs transformed by the viral G protein-coupled receptor (SVEC-vGPCR). 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) and TX527 decreased SVEC-vGPCR and SVEC numbers, the response being time dependent and similar in both cell lines. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) levels increased on treatment with 10 nm 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) or 1 nm TX527 in a time-dependent manner (1.5-24 h) in SVECs and SVEC-vGPCR. Basal VDR levels were increased in SVEC-vGPCR. The antiproliferative effects were accompanied by reduction in cyclin D1 and accumulation of p27 in SVECs but not SVEC-vGPCR. Induction of VDR was blocked by transfection of short hairpin RNA against VDR in SVEC-vGPCR and the antiproliferative effects of 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) and TX527 were decreased, involving the VDR genomic pathway in the hormone and analog mechanism of action. In vivo experiments showed that 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) and TX527 decreased SVEC-vGPCR tumor progression when the tumor cells were implanted in nude mice. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) and its TX527 analog have antiproliferative effects on the growth of endothelial cells transformed by the vGPCR in vitro and in vivo, the vitamin D receptor being part of the inhibitory mechanism of action.