Abstract
Abstract Introduction Sleep supports cognition, in particular, the consolidation of memories. Sleeping brain rhythms, such as slow oscillations (1hz) and spindles (9-15 Hz), play a key role in facilitating this consolidation. Our prior research reported age-associated declines in slow oscillations in Duchenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophy (DMD/BMD) (Simon et al., 2020). Here, we characterize age-associated changes in sleep spindle characteristics across development in this group. Methods Following our 2020 analysis, we retrospectively analyzed the clinical sleep studies of 28 DMD/BMD males (Age span: 4 to 20 years). We applied our spindle detection algorithm to six electrodes (F3, F4, C3, C4, 01, O2). We assessed spindle density, frequency, and amplitude based on age (child, early adolescent, and late adolescent). Results We conducted rmANOVAs to evaluate each spindle characteristics using within-factors (Stage and Electrode) and between-factor (Age). We found significantly more spindles with longer durations in N2 than N3; greater spindle density at frontal compared to occipital regions; and higher amplitudes at central compared to frontal sites. We found no age-associated changes in these spindle metrics. We did find an age-associated change in the frequency of spindles, with significantly greater average spindle amplitude increasing significantly with age. Conclusion In line with prior research, we found more spindles in N2 than N3 and greater spindle density at frontal compared to posterior electrodes. In contrast to our previous research demonstrating age-associated declines in slow oscillations, our current analyses show minimal age-associated changes in spindle characteristics from 4 to 20 years. Further analysis is required to assess for age-associated changes in spindle-slow oscillation coupling occur across development. Our findings have implications for functional changes in sleep-dependent cognition mechanisms across development in BMD/DMD. Support (If Any)
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