Из истории калмыцко-тибетских контактов XVII–XVIII вв.

Abstract

Introduction. The article is devoted to one of the most important areas of the foreign policy of the Kalmyk Khanate in the XVII – XVIII centuries. — interaction with Tibet. Goals.The purpose of the article is to introduce into the scientific circulation new archival documents and information about the specifics of formation, main directions, periods, significant historical figures and the results of Kalmyk-Tibetan interaction in the 17th-18th centuries. Results. The interaction of the Kalmyk aristocracy with Tibet takes shape shortly before the formation of the Kalmyk Khanate as part of the diplomatic and educational activities of the missionaries of the Gelug Buddhist school in the Oirat Union. The clerical elite of Tibet was interested in spreading Buddhist teachings, developing a national Buddhist tradition and a Buddhist church in the Kalmyk Khanate. The secular elite of the khanate, interested in legitimizing their own status, integrating into the socio-political space of Central Asia, actively supported the adoption of Buddhism by the Kalmyks and the spread of the Buddhist church under the patronage of Gelug. Creation of national legislation and national writing in the 40s. XVII century with the active participation of the Buddhist clergy, it played an integrating role in the Oirat Union and became a culture-forming factor for the sociocultural and socio-political life of the Kalmyk Khanate. Since the end of the XVII century. Tibetan investment, including the title, the throne name of the Kalmyk khans, the seal and the banner, determined the legitimacy and authority of the ruler of the khanate. Buddhist pilgrimage was the main form of Kalmyk-Tibetan communication in the XVII-XVIII centuries. Control over pilgrimage trips of representatives of the Kalmyk aristocracy by the Russian state since the beginning of the 18th century becomes a lever of influence on the domestic policy of the Kalmyk Khanate. In the second half of the XVIII century. Kalmyk-Tibetan interaction was regulated by China, which used it to organize the migration of Ubashi Khan in 1771.