ВИТОКИ ФІЛОСОФСЬКОГО ДИСКУРСУ В ЄВРЕЙСЬКІЙ ДУХОВНІЙ ТРАДИЦІЇ XII СТОЛІТТЯ

Abstract

The article explores the nuances of interpreting Jewish philosophy, tracing its origins to the works of Saadiy Gaon. We drew attention to the reinterpretation of the female aspect of the Divine essence (Shehina) and highlighted the main characteristics of its philosophical treatment. It delves into the distinctive features of Jewish philosophy as presented in the writings of Maimonides, emphasizing the interconnectedness of theological and philosophical reflections in his work. The abstract also provides an overview of Maimonides' key approach to understanding Hagadic and Halachic literature. The nomination of some female images in Haggadic legends (King's daughter, bride, princess) is outlined. The given list will serve for further feminist studies, and in the 20th century it will be used within the framework of Reform Judaism to justify the right of women to be rabbis. One notable divergence between Jewish philosophy and Talmudic interpretations lies in the former's focus on specific thematic directions, aligning with the philosophy of falsafa (Arabic/Muslim Aristotelianism). The midrash method, an interpretive model of biblical texts, plays a pivotal role in this thematic distinction, influencing the interpretation of individual concepts. The article discusses how the application of philosophical school approaches to Jewish philosophy takes on a unique character, ushering in a fresh perspective on the normative aspects of religious practices. Special attention is devoted to the reconstruction of Rambam's views in his 'Guide of the Perplexed,' particularly in relation to the relationship between the Absolute Beginning and the fulfillment of spiritual tradition precepts, which carry a theurgical essence. Moreover, it is argued that a person's virtues are intimately tied to their spiritual, moral, and intellectual perfection, aligning with the sacred texts. Jewish philosophers unanimously affirm that personal virtues represent the pinnacle of a complete individual. As philosophical interpretations of biblical texts evolved, the need to elucidate the moral teachings of Judaism (Musar) gained prominence. Among the main thematic layers of Musar, the emphasis is on interpersonal relationships in the family and community. Coordinated roles of parents and subordinate responsibilities in the community ensure the process of Shchina's return to the world. The implementation of divine justice forms a just society with equally protected rights and equally fulfilled obligations of men and women. This goal was achieved through the works of Maimonides and his followers, as well as through polemics with representatives of multi confessional environments.