Новые коммерческие надписи на амфорах V–IV вв. до н.э. из Фанагории

Abstract

Three inscriptions on amphorae from Phanagoria have published in the article. The inscription no. 1 was made on a Chios amphora dating to the second quarter of the Vth century BC. It reports «Πυρρίης Κλαυσει ΑΙ». The name Πυρρίης has found for the first time in the anthroponymy of the Bosporan cities. This is the Ionian form of the ancient Greek name Πυρρῖας. The letters ΚΛАΥΣΕΙ present dat. sing. of the male name Κλαυς. The name Κλαυς is incited on a black-glazed stemless pallet dating from the second quarter to the middle of the Vth century BC from Phanagoria. It is assumed that the name Κλαυς represents an early version of the Ancient Greek transliteration of the Cilician name Κλους. The abbreviation AI has been interpreted as «αἴθοψ οἶνος». An analysis of the testimonies of Ancient Greek authors has showed that the phrase hides a certain sort of red wine from Chios – seasoned dark-red wine, which the Ancient Greeks named «black wine». Thus, the inscription no. 1 reports «Pyrries to Claus some seasoned black wine». The inscription no. 2 is represented by the letter «A» scratched on the neck of a Chios amphora dated to the 3rd quarter of the VIth century BC. It is widely believed that the letter A on amphorae is an abbreviation of the phrase «ἀμπέλιος οἶνος, – grape wine». The inscription no. 3 informs «μέλαιναι Νίκωνι, – many black to Nikon» and it is written in red paint on the fragment of a Thasian amphora. It dates from the second half of the Vth - the first half of the IVth centuries BC. The analysis of the tes timonies of ancient Greek authors has revealed that adj. pl. fem. μέλαιναι refers to black olives. Traditionally, ancient Greeks ate them in crushed form. New and published dipinti and graf fiti on amphorae from Chios and Thasos from Phanagoria, have given rise for a conclusion about the regular supplies of olives from Thasos from the second half of the Vth – beginning of the IIIrd centuries BC and several sorts, mainly, red wine from Chios in the last third of the VIth – IVth centuries BC. The archaeological materials from Phanagoria have provided us with information about several sorts of the Chios wine contained in amphorae. The abbreviation «ΑΙ» is interpreted as «αἴθοψ οἶνος, – seasoned red wine»; «ΑΥ» – «αὐστηρὸς οἶνος,– dry red wine». The name «Χῖος οἶνος», hidden under the abbreviations «X», «XI» of the amphorae, apparently, should be considered as the name of a closer unknown variety of Chios wine. The name «ἀμπέλιος οἶνος, – grape wine», which was denoted by the letter «A» on amphorae, is a generalized name for wine. Such a definition may be hiding under it some apparently dry and cheap wine, brought in amphorae, including from Chios.