β-Sitosterol From Psyllium Seed Husk (Plantago ovata Forsk) Restores Gap Junctional Intercellular Communication in Ha-ras Transfected Rat Liver Cells

Abstract

: We purified compounds from the husks of psyllium seeds (Plantago ovata Forsk; desert Indian wheat), beginning with an ethanol extraction then followed by HP-20 and silica gel chromatography, which restored gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) in v-Ha-ras transfected rat liver epithelial WB-F344 cell line (WB-Ha-ras). GJIC was assessed by a scrape loading dye transfer assay. The active compound was identified as β-sitosterol based on gas chromatography retention times and electron ionization mass spectroscopy (EI-MS) spectrum of authentic β-sitosterol. Authentic β-sitosterol restored GJIC in the tumorigenic WB-Ha-ras GJIC-deficient cells at a dose of 2.4 μM. In addition, a similar phytosterol, stigmasterol, also restored GJIC, albeit at a lower activity. β-sitosterol and stigmasterol increased the level of connexin43 protein (Cx43) and restored phosphorylation of Cx43 to levels similar to the parental nontransfected cell line. We concluded that the restoration of intercellular communication in the GJIC-deficient, tumorigenic WB-Ha-ras cell line by the ethanol soluble fraction of psyllium seed husks is largely due to the presence of the phytosterol, β-sitosterol. We discuss implications for dietary modulation of cancer by β-sitosterol.