Abstract
The development of Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) was studied at various constant temperatures ranging from 15 to , with RH, and a photoperiod of 16L:8D. Mortality of the stage nymphs were similar at most temperature ranges while at high temperature of , more stage individuals died. The total developmental time ranged from 13.8 days at to 4.9 days at suggesting that the higher the temperature, the faster the development. However, at higher end temperature of the development took 6.4 days. The lower developmental threshold temperature and effective accumulative temperatures for the total immature stage were and 105.9 day-degrees, respectively and the nonlinear shape of temperature related development was well described by the modified Sharpe and DeMichele model. The normalized cumulative frequency distributions of developmental period for each life stage were fitted to the three-parameter Weibull function. The attendance of shortened developmental times was apparent with nymph, and total nymph stages in descending order. The coefficient of determination ranged between 0.80 and 0.87.
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