Παραγωγή υδρογόνου από καθαρές καλλιέργιες του ινολυτικού βακτηρίου ruminococcus albus σε συνθετικά υποστρώματα και ενεργειακή βιομάζα γλυκού σόργου (Sorghum Bicolor)

Abstract

The aim of the present work was to investigate the process of hydrogen production using pure cultures of fibrolytic bacterium Ruminococcus albus, focusing mainly on the mechanism of the activity. R. albus is an important fibrolytic bacterium of the rumen, where it cohabits with other bacteria and protozoa. R. albus can ferment soluble sugars and also complex carbohydrates, such as cellulose and hemillulose, after breaking them down through the extracellular enzymes it produces. Regardless the initial substrate used a significant amount of hydrogen evolves from the fermentation process. Previous research with pure cultures of R. albus and whole sorghum, sorghum extract and lignocellulosic residues as substrate, lead to very promising hydrogen yields. Moreover, it was shown that sorghum biomass can be used for hydrogen production with high and similar final yields, independent on whether the process takes place in one stage, i.e. when both simple and complex carbohydrates are fermented in the same fermentor, or in two stages i.e. when sorghum extract and extraction residues are fermented separately. Therefore, it is believed that R. albus is very promising for the production of hydrogen from agricultural residues rich in lignocellulosic materials and from energy crops, such as sweet sorghum which contains soluble sugars and complex carbohydrates in almost equal amounts. Sweet sorghum is an annual C4 plant of tropical origin, well-adapted to sub-tropical and temperate regions and highly biomass-productive. Sweet sorghum stalks are rich in sugars, mainly in sucrose that amounts up to 55% of dry matter and in glucose (3.2% of dry matter). They also contain cellulose (12.4%) and hemicelluloses (10.2%). Extraction of free sugars from the stalks is easily achieved by extraction with water at 30°C. After the extraction process a liquid fraction, rich in sucrose, and a solid fraction, containing the cellulose and hemicelluloses, are obtained. The liquid fraction could be directly fermented to hydrogen, whereas the solid fraction should first be hydrolyzed in order to fully exploit the potential of the sorghum biomass for biohydrogen production In order to study the metabolism of bacterium and estimate growth and hydrogen production kinetics, batch and continuous experiments were carried out with glucose as carbon source. Besides glucose pentoses and disaccharides were tested as well, and the growth kinetics on these substrates were estimated.. The main products that were detected in all the cases were acetate, formate, ethanol and hydrogen. Hydrogen yield was generally higher in batch experiments. More specifically glucose experiments showed yields varying between the values 2 and 2.6 mol H2/mol of glucose in batch cultures, while the optimum yield in continuous cultures was 1.07± 017 mol H2/mol of glucose when the hydraulic retention time was 42h. The final hydrogen yield seemed to depend on hydrogen partial pressure, the reducing agent used and the final amount of ethanol.. The production of hydrogen was studied with glucose experiments and was connected via kinetic equations with formate breaking down acid and ethanol production. The other simple substrates that were studied were the pentoses D - and L-arabinose and the D-xylose, the disaccharides cellobiose and sucrose, for which the growth constants were calculated. Subsequently whole sorghum biomass, sorghum extract and lignocellulosic sorghum residues were tested and the experimental results were simulated. The simulations were sufficient in all cases, and hydrogen yields were very promising.