Ηλεκτροχημική ενίσχυση της αναγωγής των οξειδίων του αζώτου σε καταλυτικά ηλεκτρόδια Rh/YSZ

Abstract

Introduction : The selective catalytic reduction of NO by propylene or CO in the presence of oxygen is a system of great potential technological significance due to the urgent need to develop efficient catalytic systems for the treatment of exhaust gases of lean burn or Diesel engines. The existing commercial catalysts succeed, in a satisfactory degree, the NO reduction in exhaust gases operated in the stoichiomentric air/fuel ratio. A technological target for such systems is to be able to operate at temperatures as low as 200oC (in order to reduce emissions during cold engine start-up) and in high excess of oxygen. It has been well documented during recent decade that the catalytic activity and selectivity of porous metal films interfaced with solid electrolytes can be affected in a very pronounced and controlled manner upon polarization of the catalyst-electrode. This phenomenon is known in the literature as Electrochemical Promotion (E.P.) or Non-Faradaic Electrochemical Modification of Catalytic Activity (NEMCA effect) and it has been studied for more than 60 different catalytic systems. In this thesis, the electrochemical promotion of the NO reduction by propylene or CO in presence of oxygen was investigated on porous polycrystalline Rh catalyst-electrodes deposited on YSZ (Y2O3 – stabilized ZrO2) an O2- conductor. The experiments were carried out in galvanic cells of the type: NO C3H6 (ή CO), O2 products Rh YSZ Au products NO C3H6 (ή CO), O2 The experimental conditions were close to those in the exhaust of a lean burn or diesel engine, i.e., high gas-hourly-space-velocity (GHSV), considerable open circuit catalytic performance and in some cases considerable excess of oxygen. NO reduction by propylene: It was found that both the catalytic activity and the selectivity of the Rh catalystelectrode is promoted very significantly upon varying its potential with respect to a Au pseudoreference electrode. Catalytic rate enhancements up to 15000% and 6000% were observed in the catalytic rate of propylene oxidation ( 150 2 = CO ρ ) and NO reduction ΝΟ ( 60 2 = N ρ ) respectively. The Faradaic efficiency, Λ, is taking values down to -6000 for I 0, ∆VWR>0 (electrophobic NEMCA). Furthermore, imposition of positive potential causes up to 200% enhancement of nitrogen selectivity in the lower temperature range of the investigation. Also a remarkable permanent catalytic activity was observed (Permanent NEMCA). After current interruption the effect was not totally reversible since the catalytic rates did not return to their initial open circuit values. The permanent activated states of the catalyst attributed to a surface reconstruction (oxide formation) of the catalyst upon polarization conditions. NO reduction by CO: It was found significant rate enhancements both under positive and negative potential application. In positive potentials the enhancement of the catalytic activity is found to be more pronounced by up to a factor of 20 both in catalytic rates and in NO conversion. The electrochemical promotion was strongly Non Faradaic with apparent faradaic efficiencies, Λ, up to 20. Electrochemical promotion of a classically promoted catalysts: The Rh catalyst electrodes were subsequently promoted in a classical way, via dry impregnation with NaOH, followed by drying and calcinations. The thus Na-promoted Rh films were found to exhibit much higher catalytic activity than the unpromoted films in open circuit conditions, with a pronounced decrease in their light-off temperature from 440 to 320oC. The effect of electrochemical promotion was then studied on these, already Napromoted Rh catalysts. The results showed that the effect of chemical and electrochemical promotion on the catalytic performance can be synergetic and their combination leads to significant improvement of the catalyst performance. Electrochemical promotion of NO in Bipolar reactors: The previous very promising results of the NEMCA investigation on this catalytic system were obtained in a “single chamber” reactor. In chapter 9 the work was focused on the development of more practical devices, which can in principle compete with commercially used catalytic systems under comparable experimental conditions. The experiments were carried out in a wireless bipolar configuration, in an attempt to bridge the gap between laboratory-scale reactors and practical devices for a future adapt of the NEMCA effect to commercial exhaust units. The Rh catalyst films were deposited on the inner side of a YSZ tube, while two Au films deposited on the outer side of the tubes were used to polarize the Rh catalyst surface. It was found a very pronounced enhancement of catalytic activity, which further improvement by chemical promotion of catalyst surface. The results show that the combination of the two types of promotion and the use of bipolar reactor configurations may lead to interesting practical applications. Thus is supported by the fact that such devices do not need electrical connection to the catalyst and can be adapted easier to commercial exhaust units.