α-MnO2 Nanowire Structure Obtained at Low Temperature with Aspects in Environmental Remediation and Sustainable Energy Applications

Abstract

Hydrothermally obtained α-MnO2 nanowire characterizations confirm the tetragonal crystalline structure that is several micrometers long and 20–30 nm in diameter with narrow distributions in their dimensions. The absorption calculated from diffuse reflectance of α-MnO2 occurred in the visible region ranging from 400 to 550 nm. The calculated band gap with Quantum Espresso using HSE approximation is ~2.4 eV for the ferromagnetic case, with a slightly larger gap of 2.7 eV for the antiferromagnetic case, which is blue-shifted as compared to the experimental. The current work also illustrates the transformations that occur in the material under heat treatment during TGA analysis, with the underlying mechanism. Electrochemical studies on graphite supports modified with α-MnO2 compositions revealed the modified electrode with the highest electric double-layer capacitance of 3.444 mF cm−2. The degradation rate of an organic dye—rhodamine B (RhB)—over the compound in an acidic medium was used to examine the catalytic and photocatalytic activities of α-MnO2. The peak shape changes in the time-dependent visible spectra of RhB during the photocatalytic reaction were more complex and progressive. In two hours, RhB degradation reached 97% under sun irradiation and 74% in the dark.