Abstract
괴각(Fructus Sophorae)은 회화나무(Styphnolobium japonicum L.)의 열매를 건조한 것으로 전통 한의학에서 널리 사용되는 약재 중의 하나이다. 본 연구에서는 murine RAW 264.7 대식세포 모델을 이용하여 괴각 추출물 (Fructus Sophorae extracts, FSE)이 면역 조절능에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 이를 위한 대식세포 활성과 연관된 면역 반응 parameter로서 prostaglandin <TEX>$E_2$</TEX> (<TEX>$PGE_2$</TEX>)와 tumor necrotic <TEX>$factor-{\alpha}$</TEX> (<TEX>$TNF-{\alpha}$</TEX>)의 생성에 미치는 FSE의 영향을 조사하였다. 본 연구의 결과에 의하면 FSE는 대식세포의 활성을 유도하였고, <TEX>$PGE_2$</TEX> 및 <TEX>$TNF-{\alpha}$</TEX>의 생성을 촉진하였으며, 이는 cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)와 <TEX>$TNF-{\alpha}$</TEX> 유전자의 전사 및 번역 수준에서의 활성화와 연관성이 있었다. 또한 FSE 처리에 의하여 다양한 종류의 cytokine 발현의 증가를 cytokine array 분석을 통하여 확인하였으며, RAW 264.7 대식세포의 활성화에는 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) 및 phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt 경로 활성화가 연관되어 있음을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구의 결과는 괴각 추출물이 면역 증강제로서의 개발 가능성이 매우 높음을 시사한다. Fructus Sophorae, the dried ripe fruit of Styphnolobium japonicum (L.), is an herbal ingredient used in traditional Oriental medicine. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of Fructus Sophorae extracts (FSE) on immune modulation in a murine RAW 264.7 macrophage model. As immune response parameters, the production of prostaglandin <TEX>$E_2$</TEX> (<TEX>$PGE_2$</TEX>) and tumor necrotic <TEX>$factor-{\alpha}$</TEX> (<TEX>$TNF-{\alpha}$</TEX>) were evaluated. Our data revealed that FSE increased the macrophage activation and the production of <TEX>$PGE_2$</TEX> and <TEX>$TNF-{\alpha}$</TEX>, which was consistently correlated with upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and <TEX>$TNF-{\alpha}$</TEX> expression at both transcriptional and translational levels. On comparative cytokine protein array, FSE significantly increased several cytokines, which was associated with phosphorylation of mitogen- activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38 MAPK and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and Akt in RAW 264.7 cells. However, each inhibitor of these molecules attenuated the FSE-induced <TEX>$PGE_2$</TEX> production. These results indicate that FSE activated macrophages through the activation of MAPKs and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathways in RAW 264.7 macrophages. These findings suggest that FSE may provide a promising source of an immunoenhancing agent.
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