Abstract

A previously validated anti-rheumatic compound α-mangostin (MAN) shows significant metabolism regulatory effects. The current study aimed to clarify whether this property contributed to its inhibition on synovial angiogenesis. Male wistar rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) were orally treated by MAN for 32 days. Afterwards, biochemical parameters and cytokines in plasma were determined by corresponding kits, and glycometabolism-related metabolites were further accurately quantified by LC-MS method. Anti-angiogenic effects of MAN were preliminarily assessed by joints based-immunohistochemical examination and matrigel plug assay. Obtained results were then validated by experiments in vitro. AIA-caused increase in circulating transforming growth factor beta, interleukin 6, hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in blood and local HIF-1α/VEGF expression in joints was abrogated by MAN treatment, and pannus formation within matrigel plugs implanted in AIA rats was inhibited too. Scratch and transwell assays revealed the inhibitory effects of MAN on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) migration. Furthermore, MAN inhibited tubule formation capability of HUVECs and growth potential of rat arterial ring-derived endothelial cells in vitro. Meanwhile, MAN eased oxidative stress, and altered glucose metabolism in vivo. Glycolysis-related metabolites including glucose 6-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate, 3-phosphoglyceric acid and phosphoenolpyruvic acid in AIA rats were decreased by MAN, while the impaired pyruvate-synthesizing capability of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was recovered. Consistently, MAN restored lipopolysaccharide-elicited changes on levels of glucose and LDH in HUVECs culture system, and exerted similar effects with LDH inhibitor stiripentol on glycometabolism and VEGF production as well as tubule formation capability of HUVECs. These evidences show that MAN treatment inhibited aerobic glycolysis in AIA rats, which consequently eased inflammation-related hypoxia, and hampered pathological neovascularization.

Highlights

  • Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common autoimmune disease

  • MAN treatment did not restore body weight gain in adjuvantinduced arthritis (AIA) rats, it caused significantly decrease in arthritis score since day 20 (Figure 1A)

  • The immunohistochemical examination showed that by the degradation of cartilage, overexpression of HIF-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) occurred in AIA rats, and this situation was attenuated in MANtreated AIA rats (Figure 2C)

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Summary

Introduction

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common autoimmune disease. Its incidence is as high as 0.5–1% worldwide. It will eventually lead to disabilities (Kim et al, 2017). It has been well known that self-tolerance breakdown directly accounts for RA-related abnormal immune responses, and provokes most pathological changes (Kim et al, 2017). Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) with immunoregulatory properties have been adopted as the mainstay of RA treatments for decades. Our knowledge about RA immunity is still insufficient, which limits the potential of DMARDs-based regimens (Smolen and Aletaha, 2008). Because RA is typically characterized by chronic inflammation, glucocorticoids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are extensively used. Effects of these anti-inflammatory reagents on joint degradation are weak, and they cannot substantially prevent arthritic progress in the long term (Zhou et al, 2019)

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