異なる競争環境の下での大学間競争 (Inter-University Competition Under Monopoly Competition Analysis of the Effects of Educational Policy in Japan)

Abstract

Japanese Abstract: 本研究は、文科省が2000年代以降取り組んできた大学数の増加や教育の多様化、地方創生、認証評価制度、私学助成金等の質保証の政策について、３つの仮説検証をおこなった。特に地方小規模大学に焦点をあてた。 1つ目は大学数・地方創生の観点から、大学数・学生数は地方へ移動したかについてGIS情報を利用して確認した。政策の結果として、大学は分散したが学生は十分に分散しておらず、大学の分散も一時的なものにとどまる可能性が高い。新設校が増加したが、学生は県外の中大規模校へ移動している。地方創生は約半数の県でのみ進展したが、10県は厳しい状況にある。 2つ目は、教育の多様化と質保証が実現し、大学間の差別化がはかられたかという観点から、大学規模別に競争環境を確認し、代替の弾力性を測定した。小規模大学は完全競争、大規模大学は独占的競争又は独占、中規模大学は独占的競争であることが確認された。小規模大学の教育の質は県内の他大学と比較すると、画一化が進んでいることを示す一方、大規模大学は全国の大学と比較すると、多様化が進んでいるとみなすことができる。また小規模大学は、代替の弾力性の変化が下落し、多様化したとしても入学者数をそれほど改善できないことを示唆する結果を得た。教育の質向上の取り組みは、大規模大学では確認できるが、完全競争に直面する小規模大学では多様性の増加や差別化が実現しているとは言えない。 3つ目は、大学の生存競争のための要因を探るため中退率・入学者数・志願者倍率について分析を行ったが、中退率抑制に影響を与える要因は、大学の規模別に異なる。小規模大学では志願者倍率が高く、入学者数が多いことが重要であるが、ST比など教育の質指標は影響がない。入学者数に対しては、小規模大学では偏差値が高く、中退率が低いほど増加する傾向にあるが、中大規模大学では同様の結果を得ることができない。 English Abstract:This paper provides three hypothesis tests on the policies of quality assurance such as the increase in the number of universities, the diversification of education, the regional revitalization, the Accreditation system, and the private school subsidies that the Ministry of Education had conducted on since the 2000s. Particular focus was placed on small regional universities. First, confirm the number of universities and regional revitalization. The number of universities and students was confirmed using GIS information as to whether they moved to rural areas. As a result of the policy, the universities are dispersed but the students are not sufficiently dispersed, and the dispersion of the universities is likely to be temporary. The number of new schools has increased, but students are moving to medium and large-scale schools outside the prefecture. Regional revitalization has progressed in only about half of the prefectures, but 10 are in difficult conditions. Secondly, from the perspective of whether education diversification and quality assurance were realized, and university differentiation was achieved, we confirmed the competitive environment by university size and measured the elasticity of substitution. It was confirmed that small universities are in full competition, large universities are in exclusive competition or monopoly, and medium-sized universities are in exclusive competition. The quality of education at small universities is more uniform when compared to other universities in the prefecture, while large universities can be considered to be more diversified when compared to universities nationwide. Smaller universities also obtained results suggesting that the change in elasticity of alternatives would have declined and diversified, but could not significantly improve enrollment. Efforts to improve the quality of education can be confirmed at large universities, but it cannot be said that small universities that face complete competition have achieved increased diversity and differentiation. Third, we analyzed the dropout rate, the number of new students, and the applicant-to-applicant ratio in order to investigate the factors that contribute to the survival competition of universities. It is important that the ratio of applicants is high and the number of new students is large in small universities, but the quality ratio of education such as ST ratio does not affect. With respect to the number of enrolled students, the deviation value is high in small universities and tends to increase as the dropout rate is low, but similar results cannot be obtained in middle and large universities.