Интеграция Мигрантов Второго Поколения Из Закавказья и Средней Азии в Тюменской Области: Образовательно-Трудовые Траектории (Integration of Second-Generation Migrants from Transcaucasia and Central Asia in the Tyumen Region: Educational Trajectories and Employment)

Abstract

Russian Abstract: Статья представляет собой начало двухчастной публикации по результатам качественного исследования интеграции мигрантов второго поколения из Средней Азии и Закавказья в Тюменской области (включая ХМАО и ЯНАО), в ходе которого было взято 169 интервью в восьми населенных пунктах региона. Полевая работа в Тюменской области — часть проекта по изучению мигрантов второго поколения в России, который выполняется смешанными — количественными и качественными — методами и является первым всероссийским проектом, сфокусированным на мигрантах второго поколения из категории молодых взрослых (18–35 лет). Под мигрантами второго поколения понимаются те, чьи родители приехали из другой страны и кто окончил в России школу, независимо от того, родились они в России или переехали сюда в дошкольном или школьном возрасте. Описываются миграционные траектории родителей мигрантов второго поколения и их социально-экономические характеристики в свете истории освоения/заселения региона в советский период, а также обсуждаются образовательно-трудовые траектории мигрантов второго поколения в свете структуры возможностей разных населенных пунктов в регионе и за его пределами. English Abstract: This study examines the integration of second-generation migrants from Central Asia and Transcaucasia (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan) in the Tyumen region, namely their educational and employment trajectories as well as socio-economic characteristics of their parents and the regional context of integration. The paper is based on the analysis of 169 interviews in eight localities of the region. This fieldwork is part of a larger project on second generation migrants in Russia which is conducted with mixed methods (quantitative and qualitative) and is the first all-Russia endeavour to study second generation migrants who are young adults (18–35 years old). The authors use a broad definition of second-generation migrants, including those whose parents moved to Russia and who themselves graduated from a Russian school no matter whether they were born in Russia or moved to Russia as children. The paper discusses the history of settlement of the region in the Soviet period that laid grounds for the region’s multiethnic composition and migration flows, which continued after the collapse of the USSR. The transformation of migration patterns from national to international mobility has not led to significant changes in the characteristics of the migrants who have given birth to the secondgeneration migrants. However, notwithstanding the period of migration, these parents of the second-generation migrants differ in terms of education, qualifications and other socio-economic characteristics as well as migration trends. The educational and employment trends of the second-generation migrants as well as other young people are closely connected with the local and regional context. First, the relatively high wealth of the region due to its leading role in the oil extraction industry, together with the widespread aspirations towards higher education result in a large percentage of second-generation migrants who pursue university degrees. Second, the regional labour market centred around the oil industry provides opportunities for the university graduates to be employed not only in the big cities but also in the small towns where they were raised, which leads to their return there.