Формирование политической субъектности сирийских туркоман в рамке постимперского национального государcтва

Abstract

The article focuses on the issue of minorities political actorness during the current armed conflict in Syria. The author speculates on why a country where the ethno-confessional structure of the population has not changed significantly for decades, suddenly faced an intensive politicization of communal identities. The tested hypothesis is that this has emerged from a long process of the state capacities weakening both in the territorial and functional aspects. In this context, the author studies the community of Syrian Turkmen, the third largest ethnocultural group in the country. The selection of this case was guided not only by a lack of relevant in-depth studies, but also by the group's self-identification as a part of the Turkic (Ottoman) world. The application of “Brubaker's triangle” as an analytical tool made it possible to view the nationalism of such minorities in relation to the policies of the “nationalizing state” and “external national homeland”. The study involves analysis of (a) the system of regulation of socio-cultural pluralism in the Ottoman Empire, (b) the peculiarities of state- and nation-building in Syria and (c) the process of Turkmen community politicization during the civil conflict. It is concluded that its political actorness was formed due to such factors as violation of the “social contract” between the ruling elite and the population during the period of neoliberal reforms, the “external homeland” (Turkey’s) support, as well as the persistence of mechanisms of tribal solidarity and self-government among the Turkmen, which allowed them to partially implement the project of cultural autonomy in Northern Syria.