Боротьба кримських татар із радгоспами на південному березі Криму у 1923 році (за матеріаліами літерної справи «Міллі-фірка» iз ГДА СБУ)

Abstract

Introduction. The mass artifi cial famine of 1921–1923 in Crimea arose as a result of a combinationof the military-communist policy of Soviet Russia, which seized the Crimean peninsula in November 1920, withthe consequences of several years of wars and revolutions and unfavorable natural and climatic conditions.Without the policy of the Russian communist regime, the losses among the Crimean people and in the agriculturalsector of Crimea would not have been so catastrophic. As a result of the famine, approximately 100,000 peopleor almost 14% of Crimeans died. The vast majority of victims were Crimean Tatars.Purpose of the study is to study the struggle with Soviet farms (state farms) at the fi nal stage of the massartifi cial famine of 1921-1923 of the Crimean Tatar peasantry of the Southern coast of Crimea on the basis ofanalysis of the case of the “counterrevolutionary organization “Milli Firka””.Results. The communist regime in the late 1920s and early 1921s actively planted state farms in thenationalized lands of Crimea, but due to their ineffi ciency and resistance of the peasantry, the number of suchfarms decreased by almost 10 times in a year. The exception was the southern coast of Crimea, where most statefarms continued to operate in the former lands of the imperial family, aristocracy and imperial dignitaries. Thisled to a deepening catastrophe during the famine among the peasants of the southern coast, the vast majority ofwhom were landless Crimean Tatars and suffered from the inability to rent land. The analysis of the materialsof the case «Milli-Firka», which in 1928-1930 was conducted by the punitive and repressive bodies of theUSSR against the Crimean Tatar intelligentsia and activists, shows the active actions of the Crimean Tatarintelligentsia and peasants to seize land and distribute state farms near Yalta.Conclusions. Analysis of information from the case “Milli-Firka” clarifi es the notions present inhistoriography about the «passivity» of Crimean Tatars during the mass artifi cial famine in Crimea in 1921-1923, from which the Crimean Tatar people suffered the most among all Crimean ethnic communities. Materialscontained in the cases of punitive and repressive bodies of the USSR testify to the active attempts in 1923 byCrimean Tatar peasants and intellectuals to resolve the issue of landlessness and scarcity of land on the southerncoast of Crimea by seizing the lands of state farms. This region was characterized by a noticeable concentrationof state farms, while in other parts of the Crimea most of them were liquidated in 1921. At least one case isknown when an anti-farm action was carried out in the village of Kyziltash, Yalta district, formed a «national»artel, uniting peasants regardless of property status. It seems that the organizers and participants of such actionstried to give their attempts to protect the interests of the Crimean Tatar peasantry forms externally loyal to theSoviet government. This is evidenced, in particular, by the use of red fl ags and artel forms of self-organization.The success of these anti-state farm`s actions could have been facilitated by the political situation when, in thecontext of the proclamation of the RCP (B) policy of indigenization, representatives of the nationally orientedCrimean Tatar political militia (“millifi rkivtsi”) cooperated with the National Communists among the CrimeanTatar