Село в умовах політики атеїзації суспільства 1920-х рр.: втрата віри

Abstract

Introduction. The term «village» is used by the author in his third dictionary meaning, namelyas the inhabitants of a small town, who are mainly engaged in land cultivation. The need for such clarifi cationis important because in the mental sense the social «grouping» of the subject of scientifi c research is often moreimportant, that is much more accurate than the more common names of rural people in historiography – peasants,villager, rural proletarians, kulaks, farmers and others. People of the past whose source of existence was work onthe land (agriculture) it is not always appropriate to identify by the «codes of recognition» that existed in historyitself. As paradoxical as it may sound, they had the same subjective outlook on life as the modern historian. But thehistorian has the advantage over the people of the past that can change the option of perceiving and understandingthe realities of their own era. In this case, we are talking about the village as a socio-cultural environment,which under the conditions of the Bolshevik regime was forced to experience an extremely painful process ofabandonment of Christian beliefs.Purpose. The aim of the investigation is to deepen the knowledge of the contradictory in content, at the sametime stressful in nature and ambiguous in the consequences of the policy of atheism of the village by the Bolshevikregime of the 1920s.Methods. The research based on an interdisciplinary approach required a surprisingly original modelof formulation, combination, optimization and use of epistemological practices, as well as the simultaneousinvolvement of categories from the fi elds of culturology, sociology, psychology, ethnology, religion.Results. In the 1920s, for the fi rst time in history, the village of Naddniprianshchyna found itself in a situationwhere the state authorities offi cially began to pursue a policy of atheism of the population, the population as awhole, while formally declaring the right of citizens to «choose religion». Rural residents fi nd themselves in anextremely diffi cult essentially stressful psychological situation which can be conditionally described as «choicewithout choice». As best they could they adapted to new realities, in the traditional way they synchronized the old(faith in God) with the new (atheism in public life).Originality. The great shock of the early 1930s, which the villagers had to endure (as we know, not everyone),was preceded by no less dramatic processes in the religious sphere. Historians call them a loss of faith, althoughthis is not entirely true, as faith was not so much lost as modifi ed. At the same time, the result of Bolshevik policywas not quite as predicted by the initiators, organizers and executors. However, in the political sense, they stillachieved their goal, because they destroyed some and converted others to their faith, and forced most to come toterms with «atheistic reality». The communist regime began a policy of «grain crisis», «dekulakization», genocide,only transforming the Ukrainian village, the consequences are destroying the traditional foundations of the village,killing millions of people, the emergence of a new type of rural man – «Soviet collective farmer».Conclusion. Under the policy of atheism pursued by the Bolsheviks, the villagers proved to be hostages and tosome extent victims of the political circumstances in which they found themselves after the defeat of the UkrainianRevolution of 1917–1921. Some of them experienced real emotional upheavals, but most retained their beliefs,adapting them to new political realities.