Революция 1918–1919 годов в Баварии и немецкие анархисты

Abstract

On April 7, 1919, the Bavarian Soviet Republic was proclaimed in Munich, which lasted about three weeks. This event was the culmination of the revolutionary events in Bavaria in 1918–1919. The anarchists Gustav Landauer, Erich Mühsam, Josef Sontheimer, Ret Marut and others played a key role in the Bavarian revolution. However, one of the peculiarities of the situation was that the Bavarian anarchists during this period were not merged into one organization, and each of them acted individually, in accordance with their beliefs. Among the Munich anarchists there was no unity on the main issues of theory and tactics. They all welcomed the collapse of the centralized German Empire. The anarchists saw in the spontaneous November revolution and the rise of the Soviets the beginning of a path to a new, truly free society. But they imagined this road in completely different ways. After the proclamation of the Soviet Republic in Bavaria, Gustav Landauer became People's Commissioner for Public Education, Education, Science and Art. He sought to reorganize the system of education, culture and art on the basis of the principles of decentralization and self-government. Ret Marut headed the press department of the Central Council, was a member of the propaganda committee of the meeting of factory and factory councils and the commission for the preparation of a revolutionary tribunal. Erich Mühsam was in charge of communications and radio contacts with Soviet Hungary and Russia. After the fall of the “first” Soviet Republic on April 13, 1919, Mühsam was arrested by opponents of the Soviets. Landauer went into opposition to the new Soviet government, which was formed by the Communists. In this new government anarchists no longer had a place. Landauer was killed by the "Freikor" after the suppression of the "second" Soviet Republic on May 2, 1919. This article discusses views, motives and activities of Bavarian anarchists during the preparation and existence of the Bavarian Soviet Republic.