Опыт построения двухпартийной системы в Советской России (октябрь 1917 – июль 1918 гг.)

Abstract

The experience of Russia in the Soviet period of its development is of particular interest to domestic and foreign researchers in all its diversity. The process of party building and the establishment of a one-party system in this regard is particularly relevant, especially given the presence of different points of view in historiography on the nature and essence of the process of formation and development of the party-political system in Russia. The article analyzes the events associated with the transformation of the political system from a two-party model to a one-party one. The authors identify the main factors that influenced the dynamics of this process. Particular emphasis is placed on the analysis of changes in domestic politics and the balance of power in the political arena, as well as on the development of a common position within the Bolshevik Party. The source base is the legislative acts of the Soviet government in October 1917 - July 1918, the opinions and memoirs of political figures of the early 20th century, published documents and specific historical studies related to the history of the Left Social Revolutionaries and Bolsheviks, as well as general historical works related to history of October Revolution and Civil War. The methodological basis of the research is such fundamental principles of scientific knowledge as historicism, objectivity, consistency, which involve consideration of historical events and facts in their totality and development, based on the features and specifics of a particular historical period. Descriptive, comparative, statistical, problem-chronological and other methods are also used, in particular, the cultural-anthropological method, which involves the study of the positions of the authors of scientific research in relation to the issues under consideration and its argumentation. As a result of the study, the authors came to the conclusion that the violent seizure of power by the Bolsheviks did not at all mean the immediate establishment of a one-party system. This idea began to be actively formed and put into practice after the signing of the Treaty of BrestLitovsk, when the former allies of the Bolsheviks, the Left Social Revolutionaries, went over to the opposition to their former allies. As a result, the one-party system became a political reality in Soviet Russia only by July 1918, when the internal political situation deteriorated sharply, and Russia's former allies in the Entente switched to open intervention.